Ap World Ch10

1. What impact did Christianity have on polytheistic religions in Western Europe?
   • Missionaries —> converted polytheists, who mixed new faith with animist faith.
2. After Rome fell where was the center of post-classical West?…..
   • France, the Low Countries (Netherlands), and S + W Germany.
   • England also gaining power.
3. What intellectual activity was occurring in the west prior to the eighth century?
   • They copied stuff and kept Roman knowledge alive. I don't know
4. Describe manorialism.
   • System of economic and political relations between landlords and serfs.
   • Serfs lived on land and farmed, giving some food to landlord in exchange for protection.
   • On a smaller scale than feudalism.
5. Describe the life of the serf.
   • Thoroughly shitty.
   • Agricultural equipment limited. (introduction of moldboard an improvement)
   • Production low, not enough food for themselves.
6. What was the moldboard?
   • A plow that allowed deeper turning of soil.
7. What is three-field rotation?
   • A third of the land left unplanted each year to regain fertility.
   • Improvement on two-field system. More food.
8. Describe feudalism and its elements.
   • System of political and military relationships.
   • Military elites, landlords —> lesser lords, vassals.
   • Eventually evolved to greater scale. (Mupas pyramids!)
9. What powers did the papacy have following 500 A.D?
   • A lot. lol!
10. Who is Clovis? What did he do?
    • Germanic warrior chieftain.
    • 496: converted to Christianity to gain prestige.
11. What belief did the conversion of Germanic kings create among western religious leaders, particularly the Pope?
    • Gave some dominion over Franks, strengthened religious convictions.
    • Pope believed they had legitimate authority outside of political sphere.
12. Benedict of Nursia was responsible for what accomplishment during the 6th century?
    • The most important set of monastic rules.
      • Promoted Christianity in W. Europe. Monasteries helped cultivate land.
13. Describe the elements of the monastic movement in Eastern Europe.
    • What? I don't know.
    • Monasteries were examples of holy life for common people.
    • Improved cultivation of land at a time when agricultural techniques were low.
    • Provided some education and promoted literacy.
14. What dynasty replaced the Frankish monarchy in the 8th century?
    • The *Carolingians*.
    • Charles Martel: defeated Muslims at the battle of Tours in 732. Helped confine Arabs to Spain.
15. What year did Charlemagne begin his rule?
    • 800
    • Helped restore education. Expanded empire.
16. Describe the characteristics of the Holy Roman Emperors after the 10th century.
    • One of the split nations of France: Germany and Northern Italy
    • Did not build solid monarchy, relied too much on imperial claims.
17. What were the new sources of strength developed in western Europe during the 9th and 10th centuries?
    • Agricultural advances (moldboard plow, three-field system, horse collar)
    • Horseback fighting, military techniques.
18. What was the impact of the improved economy after the 10th c?
    • Population growth.
    • Education near religious centers.
    • Greater regional political stability.
19. Where was the greatest concentration of urbanization after the 10th century?
    • Italy, Low countries.
20. How did the introduction of feudal monarchy into England compare to the poli. experience of France?
    • England: abrupt; France: spanning several centuries.
21. When did France and England achieve their feudal monarchies?
    • England, 1066, with invasion by Willian the Conqueror.
    • 10th c. onward?? Charlemagne introduced stabler version.
22. What regions did western Europe expand into?
    • Germany, Poland
    • Central Spain
    • Iceland
    • Hudson Bay of Canada (wtf? ._.)
23. When was the First Crusade?
    • Urban II called for it in 1095.
24. What were results of crusades?
    • Exposed West to new cultures.
    • Greater thirst for trade.
25. What reforms did St. Francis bring to the Catholic church?
    • Later influenced St. Clare.
    • Believed in poverty and helping people.
26. What was the investiture conflict?
    • State appointment of bishops.
    • Major critic: Gregory VII, excommunicated Henry IV and returned Catholic church to independent control.
27. Describe the 4th crusade.
    • Venice merchants sacked Constantinople. Got rich.
28. Famous scholarly people.
    • Peter Abelard: Yes and No, showed contradictions in Catholic faith.
    • Bernard of Clairvaux: challenged Abelard, believed union with God possible.
    • Thomas Aquinas: Thought he could sum up all essential knowledge about God, nature, and man. Slight commie undertones.
29. What was the dominate medieval philosophy in the universe?
    • Rationalized faith. LOL! Oxymoron!
30. Describe Gothic architecture.
    • Tall spires, tall arched windows.
31. How did the economy improve in the Middle Ages?
    • Serfs no longer bound to land; more freedom.
    • Trade treated with disdain, but still used to make money.
    • Banking introduced.
32. What was the function of the merchant and artisan guilds?
    • Encouraged mutual achievement, rather than individual success.
    • Artisan guilds: tried to get work for everyone, discouraged "undue wealth".
33. Describe the career of Jacques Coeur?
    • Married rich, minted illegally, founded trading company. Made enemies, had riches stripped away, died on random Greek island.
34. What were the threads to western vitality at the end of the middle ages?
    • War (Hundred Years'), lack of food (pop. grew too quickly), land used up, Black Death (1348).
35. What was the result of the 100 years war?
    • Kings reduced reliance on forces of nobility and paid for armies.
    • See above.
36. What were the challenges to medieval institutions in the 15th century?
    • Professional armies began to undermine aristocratic power.
    • Church weakened (though religion did not decline).
    • Breakdown of intellectual, artistic synthesis.
37. Describe some of the important elements of medieval economics.
    • Not capitalist. Belief in equal work, pay proportional to effort put into it.
    • General disdain towards money-making, though used to improve lifestyle.